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During the congress, E-Posters will be accessible to all participants on the congress website 24/7, as well as in the E-poster stations in the congress center.
Preparing your E-Poster
Please review the E-Poster format requirements carefully when preparing your E-Poster. Should your E-Poster not meet the mentioned requirements, it may not be displayed as described above.
E-Poster Submission Deadline
Please prepare and upload your E-Poster no later than March 14, 2026 11.59PM CET. After this date, you will no longer be able to prepare and upload your E-poster and it will not be displayed and accessible on the congress website.
Please follow the instructions below to input your abstract title.
Abstract titles should be brief and reflect the content of the abstract.
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a public health concern affecting approximately 10% of the global population. It is associated with multiple cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular complications, and with increased risks of death and hospitalization. The burden of CKD is rising and is projected to become the fifth leading cause of death by 2040. To improve assessment, monitoring, and referral to nephrologist, several tools have been developed to predict progression to kidney failure. Among them, the Kidney Failure Risk Equation (KFRE) has demonstrated excellent discrimination and can accurately predict kidney failure risk across diverse CKD populations. This systematic review synthesizes evidence on the external validation of KFRE across age subgroups, CKD etiologies, and comorbidities in highly complex patients.
We conducted a systematic review in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. We searched PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Semantic Scholar, the Cochrane Library, SciELO, Dialnet, and DOAJ for peer-reviewed articles in English and Spanish to identify all studies validating the KFRE in different age groups, CKD etiologies, and comorbidities since the original development study by Tangri et al. (2011). Risk of bias and certainty of evidence were assessed using PROBAST (Prediction model Risk Of Bias ASsessment Tool) and the GRADE framework, respectively. When the mean (SD) age was not reported, it was estimated from the median (IQR) using the method described by Wan et al. (2014).
Thirty studies were included (Figure 1). The mean age of the evaluated populations was 69.5 ± 10.2 years. Across analyses, the KFRE showed high discrimination (c-statistic/AUC >0.70). Diabetic kidney disease (28.8%) and hypertensive kidney disease (29.3%) were the most frequent CKD etiologies analyzed. Other etiologies—such as autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD, 1.3%) and chronic tubulointerstitial nephropathy (CTIN, 2.5%)—were underrepresented (p < 0.0001). The most common comorbidities were diabetes mellitus (31%), hypertension (56%), vascular disease (6.1%), and heart failure (HF) (3.5%). Only one study directly evaluated a population with frailty (0.58%). Overall, only 9 studies (30%) were rated as low risk of bias (Figure 2), and the certainty of findings was moderate in 47% and low in 53% of studies, indicating that more than half warrant cautious interpretation.
Most participants in the included studies were between 60 and 80 years of age; individuals <60 or >80 years appear underrepresented. Likewise, patients with non-typically albuminuric etiologies (e.g., ADPKD, CTIN) or comorbidities such as HF or frailty are underrepresented in KFRE validations. KFRE should not be used as the sole criterion for referral in these groups.
