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During the congress, E-Posters will be accessible to all participants on the congress website 24/7, as well as in the E-poster stations in the congress center.
Preparing your E-Poster
Please review the E-Poster format requirements carefully when preparing your E-Poster. Should your E-Poster not meet the mentioned requirements, it may not be displayed as described above.
E-Poster Submission Deadline
Please prepare and upload your E-Poster no later than March 14, 2026 11.59PM CET. After this date, you will no longer be able to prepare and upload your E-poster and it will not be displayed and accessible on the congress website.
Please follow the instructions below to input your abstract title.
Abstract titles should be brief and reflect the content of the abstract.
Hyperbilirubinemia is a common complication in critical conditions such as hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) and end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) with hepatic dysfunction. It intensifies oxidative stress and multi-organ damage, correlating with higher mortality. However, current extracorporeal blood purification techniques (e.g., plasma exchange, Molecular Adsorbent Recirculating System (MARS)) face limitations including operational complexity, high costs, poor bilirubin-specific adsorption performance, and insufficient hemocompatibility.
To address these challenges, we developed TiO₂/Ti₃C₂-PES microspheres as a potential bilirubin adsorbent. Zero-dimensional TiO₂ was grown on the surface of Ti₃C₂ via the hydrothermal oxidation method. The resulting TiO₂/Ti₃C₂ nanocomposite was then used to modify a common blood purification substrate material, polyethersulfone (PES), through a simple co-blending process. Finally, the functionalized microspheres were efficiently mass-produced using an electrostatic spray-assisted liquid-liquid phase separation technique. The physicochemical properties, hemocompatibility, and adsorption performance of the TiO₂/Ti₃C₂-PES microspheres were comprehensively evaluated to assess their potential for clinical application as a bilirubin adsorbent.
Ti₃C₂ was prepared via the hydrofluoric acid etching method reported in our previous work. Subsequently, we synthesized and characterized TiO₂/Ti₃C₂ nanocomposites with varying oxidation degrees through the one-step in-situ hydrothermal process, with their successful formation confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Following this, TiO₂/Ti₃C₂-PES microspheres were fabricated using electrospray-assisted liquid-liquid phase separation. These microspheres were comprehensively characterized by SEM, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) and mechanical testing, with systematic evaluation of their bilirubin adsorption and hemocompatibility.
Both the TiO₂/Ti₃C₂ nanocomposites and the TiO₂/Ti₃C₂-PES microspheres were successfully synthesized according to the aforementioned methods. The TiO₂/Ti₃C₂-PES microspheres exhibited a unique sponge-like internal structure (Fig. 1) and possessed an average pore diameter of 15.93 nm, slightly larger than that of pure PES microspheres (13.96 nm), accompanied by a 23% increase in mesopore volume. Furthermore, the TiO₂/Ti₃C₂-PES microspheres demonstrated a minimal deformation of only 1.42% under the maximum transmembrane pressure tolerable by hemoperfusion devices. The optimized structure enhanced the TiO₂/Ti₃C₂-PES microspheres’ selective adsorption towards bilirubin (Fig. 3). Additionally, blood routine examination results revealed no significant differences between whole blood incubated with both the microsphere and the negative control group (Fig. 2).
In this study, targeting the nano-sized protein-bound toxin bilirubin, we successfully developed TiO₂/Ti₃C₂-PES microspheres combining high-efficiency bilirubin adsorption capacity with excellent hemocompatibility, demonstrating considerable promise for further development in blood purification applications such as artificial liver systems.
