RISK OF MAJOR ADVERSE CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS AMONG CHILDHOOD CANCER SURVIVORS WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE OR HYPERTENSION

 

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RISK OF MAJOR ADVERSE CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS AMONG CHILDHOOD CANCER SURVIVORS WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE OR HYPERTENSION

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Katrina Anne
Cordova
Katrina Anne Cordova katrina.cordova@sickkids.ca The Hospital for Sick Children Department of Pediatrics, Division of Nephrology Toronto Canada *
Asaf Lebel Asafle2@clalit.org.il HaEmek Medical Center Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Nephrology Afula Israel -
Nithiakishna Selvathesan nick.selvathesan@sickkids.ca The Hospital for Sick Children Department of Pediatrics, Division of Nephrology Toronto Canada -
Amit Garg agargadmin@lhsc.on.ca Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences Kidney, Dialysis & Transplantation Research Program Toronto Canada -
Abhijat Kitchlu abhijat.kitchlu@uhn.ca University Health Network Division of Nephrology Toronto Canada -
Eric McArthur eric.mcarthur@ices.on.ca Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences Kidney, Dialysis & Transplantation Research Program Toronto Canada -
Paul Nathan paul.nathan@sickkids.ca The Hospital for Sick Children Division of Haematology/Oncology, Department of Paediatrics Toronto Canada -
Serina Patel serina.patel@lhsc.on.ca Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario-Ottawa Children’s Treatment Centre Division of Haematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics Ottawa Canada -
Tal Schechter tal.schechter-finkelstein@sickkids.ca The Hospital for Sick Children Division of Haematology/Oncology, Department of Paediatrics Toronto Canada -
Samuel Silver samuel.silver@queensu.ca Queen’s University Division of Nephrology Kingston Canada -
Lillian Sung lillian.sung@sickkids.ca The Hospital for Sick Children Division of Haematology/Oncology, Department of Paediatrics Toronto Canada -
Ron Wald Ron.Wald@unityhealth.to St. Michael’s Hospital and University of Toronto Division of Nephrology Toronto Canada -
Laura Wheaton laura.wheaton@kingstonhsc.ca Kingston Health Sciences Centre Division of Hematology/Oncology Kingston Canada -
Rahul Chanchlani chanchlr@mcmaster.ca McMaster University Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics Hamilton Canada -
Atessa Bahadori atessa.bahadori@sickkids.ca The Hospital for Sick Children Department of Pediatrics, Division of Nephrology Toronto Canada -

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and hypertension (HTN) are known risk factors for cardiovascular (CV) morbimortality in the general population. The consequences of CKD and HTN on childhood cancer survivors’ (CCS) morbimortality is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the extent to which incident CKD and HTN in CCS are associated with mortality with major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). 

This population-based retrospective cohort study used administrative healthcare data from Ontario, Canada. We included patients diagnosed from April 1993 to March 2020 who started treatment at age <18 years old and who survived to end of cancer therapy (index date). Patients with pre-diagnosis of organ transplant, dialysis, past malignancy, HTN or CKD were excluded. The primary exposures were CKD or HTN, defined by previously validated diagnosis and procedure codes. The primary outcome was the development of MACE. Secondary outcomes were the individual components of MACE (cardiovascular death, stroke, myocardial infarction (MI), unstable angina (UA) hospitalization, and coronary intervention) and all-cause mortality. Multivariable Cox regression analysis was used to determine the association between CKD and HTN exposures and MACE, coded as time-varying covariates where an individual becomes ‘exposed’ at first evidence of CKD/HTN during follow-up. Cox proportional hazards models were used to model the association between CKD/HTN as time varying covariates on outcomes. For the analysis of MACE and MACE composites, death was considered a competing event.   

10,182 CCS were included (median follow-up 9.8 years [interquartile range 3.8 -17.2]. Patients were censored for end of follow-up (6,890, 67.7%), new cancer diagnosis/relapse (1,683, 16.5%) or emigration (439, 4.3%). Death occurred in 562 cases (5.5%) and MACE in 608 (6.0%) of the total population. CKD was associated with an adjusted risk of 2.56 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.73, 3.79) times for MACE, while HTN was associated with an adjusted risk of 1.72 (95% CI 1.23, 2.42) (Table 1). Both CKD and HTN individually were associated with increased risk for CV death (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 12.47, CI 6.87-22.65 and aHR 3.29, CI 1.54-7.00), stroke (aHR 2.24, CI 1.30-3.84 and aHR 1.62, CI 1.02-2.56), coronary intervention (aHR 12.43, CI 3.15-49.13 and aHR 12.47, CI 3.41-45.55) and all-cause mortality (aHR 4.26, CI 3.09-5.88 and aHR 1.59, CI 1.07-2.37), and an increased risk for MI or UA with CKD (aHR 2.15, CI 1.08-4.28). The associations of CKD with MACE and HTN with MACE were not modified by sex (interaction p-value 0.50), age (interaction p-value 0.45), and acute kidney injury(interaction p-value 0.68). 

 Primary outcomeSecondary outcomes
MACE(N=608)CV death(N=89)Stroke(N=410)MI or UA(N=143)All cause mortality(N=698)
CKD271414941
No CKD58175396134657
Adjusted HR, 95% CI2.56(1.73, 3.79)12.47(6.87, 22.65)2.24(1.30, 3.84)2.15(1.08, 4.28)4.26(3.09, 5.88)
HTN378201526
No HTN57181390128672
Adjusted HR, 95% CI1.72(1.23, 2.42)3.29(1.54, 7.00)1.62(1.02, 2.56)1.37(0.79, 2.38)1.59(1.07, 2.37)
Table 1: Adjusted hazard ratios for primary and secondary outcomes. CI – Confidence interval, CKD – Chronic kidney disease, CV – Cardiovascular, HR – Hazard ratios, HTN – Hypertension, IQR – Interquartile range, MACE – Major adverse cardiovascular events,  MI – Myocardial infarction, UA – Unstable angina. Coronary intervention: total of 12 patients only, therefore, not shown

Both CKD and HTN were associated with an increased risk of MACE in CCS. Current gaps in clinical guidelines highlight the need for evidence-based recommendations on long-term monitoring of CCS, as our findings linking CKD and HTN to increased MACE risk suggest potential benefits from early detection and management.

Kewords