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Urinary stone formation is influenced by various factors, including lifestyles and diet, although the causal relationships remain unclear. This study aimed to estimate the impact of various lifestyles and dietary on the risk of urinary stone formation, via a Mendelian randomization (MR) framework.
Instrumental variables (IVs) were derived from Genome-wide Association Studies (GWAS) datasets, with outcomes from the FinnGen database. The primary analysis employed an inverse-variance weighted model (IVW) with additional MR methods for validation. Further validation of the findings was conducted by evaluating the associations between dietary patterns, lifestyle factors, and urinary stones in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).
MR analysis revealed that alcohol intake frequency (OR = 1.37, p = 0.001) was causally associated with an elevated risk of urinary stones, while income before tax (OR = 0.31, p = 0.001) showed a negative association with patients with urinary stones. Additionally, fresh fruit intake (OR = 0.47, p = 0.016), tea consumption (OR = 0.16, p = 0.001), K intake(OR = 0.72, p = 0.006), and vitamin E (OR = 0.61, p = 0.029) were significantly associated with a decreased risk of urinary stones, most of which were confirmed in the NHANES dataset (Table 1).
Table 1. The association between lifestyles, Diet and urinary stones from NHANES
Lifestyles
Kidney Stone
Model 1
Model 2
OR
95% CI
P-value
Smoking status
No-smoking
Reference
Smoking
1.08
(0.87,1.34)
0.489
1.03
(0.83,1.29)
0.767
Alcohol consumption
No
Moderate
0.67
(0.48,0.92)
0.016
0.71
(0.51,1.00)
0.050
Heavy
0.60
(0.43,0.84)
0.003
0.64
(0.46,0.89)
<0.001
Physical activity
Inadequate
0.88
(0.65,1.19)
0.386
0.91
(0.66,1.24)
0.531
Adequate
0.85
(0.71,1.02)
0.076
0.90
(0.75,1.07)
0.230
Sedentary behavior
< 6 h
≥ 6 h
(0.88,1.21)
0.720
1.02
(0.87,1.20)
0.772
Sleeping time
1.23
(1.04,1.45)
1.21
(1.02,1.42)
0.027
7-9 h
≥ 9 h
0.96
(0.75,1.23)
0.743
0.93
(0.73,1.18)
0.525
Sleeping problem
Yes
1.34
(1.14,1.58)
1.29
(1.09,1.52)
Depression
1.64
(1.16,2.33)
0.006
1.53
(1.05,2.22)
0.029
Body mass index
< 25 kg/m2
25-30 kg/m2
1.16
(0.91,1.49)
0.236
1.15
(0.89,1.48)
0.284
≥ 30 kg/m2
1.84
(1.53,2.21)
1.71
(1.42,2.06)
HEI-2020
T1(< 45.40)
T2(45.40-56.30)
(0.68,1.07)
0.165
0.89
(0.71,1.12)
0.319
T3(≥ 56.30)
(0.50,0.82)
(0.55,0.92)
0.010
DII
T1(< 0.44)
T2(0.44-2.06)
(1.04,1.59)
0.022
1.22
(0.99,1.51)
0.068
T3(≥ 2.06)
1.50
(1.22,1.85)
1.38
(1.11,1.72)
0.004
aMed
T1(< 5.0)
T2(5.0-6.0)
(0.66,1.09)
0.202
0.86
(0.67,1.10)
0.227
T3(≥ 6.0)
0.73
(0.56,0.97)
0.028
0.79
(0.61,1.04)
0.091
DASH
T1(< 2.90)
T2(2.90-3.94)
(0.71,1.05)
0.132
(0.74,1.10)
0.308
T3(≥ 3.94)
(0.57,0.89)
0.78
(0.62,1.00)
0.047
MR analysis revealed two genetically predictive risk factors related to lifestyle and four diet that are causally associated with urinary stones. These findings offer novel insights that could guide future mechanistic studies and inform clinical strategies aimed at reducing the burden of urinary stone disease.
