Rare Case of Syphilis-induced Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis

 

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Rare Case of Syphilis-induced Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis

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Leepakshi
Johar
Guity Farahmand guityyy@gmail.com Sutter Health Nephrology Oakland United States -
Leepakshi Johar leepakshi.johar@sutterhealth.org Sutter Health Internal Medicine Oakland United States *
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Syphilis induced rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN) is a rare but serious complication, often due to immune complex deposition or vasculitis.  There is rapid loss of kidney function which can often lead to end-stage renal disease if not promptly treated.  Glomeruli become inflamed and damaged leading to symptoms such as acute kidney injury, hematuria, proteinuria, edema, hypertension.  Untreated RPGN can typically progress to end-stage renal disease. 

58 year old homeless male with PMHx of HTN, methamphetamine abuse presented to the emergency department with chronic bilateral lower extremity stasis dermatitis with purulent drainage. Endorsed methamphetamine use four days prior to admission, but denied IV drug use. Patient endorsed unstable housing for many years.  

On presentation, patient had creatinine of 3.42 with baseline creatinine of 1.00 in 2016.  Patient has no prior history of CKD.  Urinalysis demonstrated hematuria, proteinuria, and pyuria.  Renal ultrasound demonstrated increased echogenicity of kidneys bilaterally.  Patient was started on ceftriaxone for  urinary tract infection.  Patient received fluids on admission, but creatinine continued to rise.  Patient also had uncontrolled hypertension and was treated with Coreg and amlodipine. 

Protein was quantified and it was 4.7 g. RBC quantification was greater than 180 RBCs.  Serology was positive for RPR, FTA-ABS.  Patient also had low C3 and C4 levels.  Rheumatoid factor, antinuclear antibody, MPO, PR3, ANCA were negative. 

Given that patient continued to have rising creatinine, peaking at 5.23, patient was started on dialysis. Renal biopsy demonstrated cresenteric glomerular nephritis with immune complex and C3 deposits.  Subepithelial deposits in marked standing of C3 were also noted and medulla demonstrated tubular injury.  Patient was diagnosed with syphilis induced RPGN.  Patient was treated with doxycycline. Steroids were not given in setting of active skin infections.  Creatinine improved to 3.51 one month after discharge from the hospital with ongoing dialysis. 

Since syphilis induced RPGN is rare, there are only 3 case reports per literature review regarding syphilis induced RPGN. In all three case reports, diagnostic workup was done to rule out more common causes of immune complex mediated glomerular nephritis.  Patients were treated with penicillin G and/or steroids. There are limited studies on whether steroids are effective in treating syphilis induced RPGN while concurrently treated with antibiotics. 

It is critical to explore all etiologies of pauci immune crescentic glomerular nephritis when determining the treatment plan. In the limited number of case reports, positive syphilis serologies, renal biopsy, clinical context were critical for diagnosis.   

Kewords