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During the congress, E-Posters will be accessible to all participants on the congress website 24/7, as well as in the E-poster stations in the congress center.
Preparing your E-Poster
Please review the E-Poster format requirements carefully when preparing your E-Poster. Should your E-Poster not meet the mentioned requirements, it may not be displayed as described above.
E-Poster Submission Deadline
Please prepare and upload your E-Poster no later than March 14, 2026 11.59PM CET. After this date, you will no longer be able to prepare and upload your E-poster and it will not be displayed and accessible on the congress website.
Please follow the instructions below to input your abstract title.
Abstract titles should be brief and reflect the content of the abstract.
Healthy lifestyle is widely recognized as important for preventing various diseases, including cardiovascular disease. Proteinuria, a key component of chronic kidney disease, can be transient or persistent, with the latter reflecting a more pathological condition. Studies focusing on incident persistent proteinuria as the outcome are of clinical relevance; however, such investigations are scarce. We prospectively examined whether unhealthy lifestyle behaviors are associated with the risk of persistent proteinuria, and additionally, whether a greater number of unhealthy lifestyle factors confers a higher risk of developing persistent proteinuria.
The study population consisted of 7,514 middle-aged Japanese men with an estimated glomerular filtration rate ≥60 mL/min1.73 m2 and without proteinuria, diabetes, antihypertensive medication use, or a history of cancer at baseline. Lifestyle factors were assessed using questionnaires and physical measurements, including alcohol consumption, smoking status, physical activity, breakfast eating habit, and body mass index (BMI). For the primary analysis of each lifestyle factor, alcohol consumption was categorized into five groups: non-drinkers, 0.1–23.0, 23.1–46.0, 46.1–69.0, and ≥69.1 g/day. Smoking status was classified as never, former, or current smoker. Physical activity was classified as ≥1 or <1 time per week. Breakfast intake was classified as daily, irregular, or none. BMI was classified into the following categories: <18.0, 18.0−19.9, 20.0−21.9, 22.0−23.9, 24.0−25.9, 26.0−27.9, ≥28.0 kg/m2. For the lifestyle risk score analysis, each lifestyle factor was further dichotomized based on the results of the primary analysis. Unhealthy lifestyle factors were defined as follows: alcohol consumption of 0 or ≥46.1 g/day, current smoking, physical activity <1 time per week, not eating breakfast daily, and BMI ≥24.0 kg/m². One point was assigned for each unhealthy lifestyle factor (range, 0–5). Persistent proteinuria was defined as proteinuria detected consecutively in annual health checkups for two years. We used multivariable Cox proportional hazards models to assess the association between unhealthy lifestyle factors and persistent proteinuria.
During the 11-year follow-up period, persistent proteinuria was confirmed in 302 cases. In the multivariable analysis, each modifiable lifestyle factor was individually associated with the development of persistent proteinuria. In a model including all lifestyle factors simultaneously, current smoking, skipping breakfast, and BMI ≥24.0 kg/m2 were associated with the development of persistent proteinuria. For the lifestyle risk score analysis, the risk of developing persistent proteinuria increased progressively with a higher number of unhealthy lifestyle factors. Having two or more unhealthy lifestyle factors was significantly associated with the incidence of persistent proteinuria. Compared with those with a score of 0, the multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios for persistent proteinuria, were 2.89 (95% CI, 1.06–7.88), 4.63 (1.71–12.55), 4.79 (1.72–13.30), and 8.28 (2.63–26.08) for scores of 2, 3, 4, and 5, respectively (P for trend <0.001).
In middle-aged Japanese men, the number of unhealthy lifestyle factors was significantly associated with the development of future persistent proteinuria in a dose-response manner.
