KIDNEY FUNCTION EVALUATION IN THE WIXARIKA (HUICHOL) ETHNIC GROUP, A DISADVANTAGED POPULATION UNDER-EVALUATED IN MEXICO

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Abstract Title

First Name *

Betsabe

Last Name *

Contreras-Haro

Co-author 1

Norma G Gonzalez-Montoya norma.montoya@cunorte.udg.mx University of Guadalajara North University Center Guadalajara

Co-author 2

Gerardo Cortes-Luna norma.montoya@cunorte.udg.mx University of Guadalajara North University Center Guadalajara

Co-author 3

Oswaldo Zamora-Gonzalez gerardo4303@hotmail.com University of Guadalajara North University Center Guadalajara

Co-author 4

Ana M Saldaña-Cruz ana.saldanac@academicos.udg.mx University of Guadalajara Physiology Department Guadalajara

Co-author 5

Norma A Rodriguez-Jimenez betsabe.contreras@academicos.udg.mx University of Guadalajara Physiology Department Guadalajara

Co-author 6

Jazmin Pedroza-Marquez jaz180688@gmail.com Mexican Social Security Institute Western Biomedical Research Center Guadalajara

Co-author 7

Enrique Rojas-Campos erojascampos@yahoo.com.mx Mexican Social Security Institute Biomedical Research Unit 02 Guadalajara

Co-author 8

Fabiola Martin-del Campo fabi_mc@hotmail.com Mexican Social Security Institute Biomedical Research Unit 02 Guadalajara

Co-author 9

Alfonso Martin Cueto-Manzano a_cueto_manzano@hotmail.com Mexican Social Security Institute Biomedical Research Unit 02 Guadalajara

Co-author 10

Co-author 11

Co-author 12

Co-author 13

Co-author 14

Co-author 15

Introduction

Ethnic/racial, social, cultural, and economic disparities are well-known risk factors for chronic kidney disease (CKD); such disparities are strongly related to the health-care access and clinical outcomes of patients. Wixarika (Huichol) is a prehispanic minority inhabiting the northwestern of the state of Jalisco, and it has not been considered in this regard. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the frequency of CKD in a sample of Wixarika ethnicity and compare it with a sample of the mestizo population from a big city in Western Mexico.

Methods

Data were obtained from two groups of subjects: a) Wixarika group, individuals with direct Amerindian ancestry for at least two generations who are self-recognized as members of the indigenous group; b) Mexican-mestizo group, age- and sex-matched individuals who attend the World Kidney Day event 2023, celebrated in the Hospital de Especialidades, IMSS, in Guadalajara (the second biggest city in Mexico). Patients with already known CKD were excluded from screening. Participants underwent medical and nutritional evaluations, blood pressure measurements, and anthropometry. A bilingual translator (Wixarika-Spanish) participated in the case of the Wixarika group. In a blood sample obtained after verbal consent, creatinine was measured by colorimetric assay (Wixarika group), or by enzymatic method (Mestizo group) and subsequently used to estimate glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration creatinine equation. Urine sample could not be obtained in the Wixarika group; thus, CKD was diagnosed based only on eGFR.

Results

Figure 1 displays CKD frequency in both groups. Table 1 compares sociodemographic and clinical characteristics between groups, and Table 2 shows a multivariate analysis of risk factors for CKD.

Conclusions

The Wixarika ethnic group had significantly lower education and frequency of diabetes, as well as higher frequency of alcoholism, blood pressure levels and CKD than Mestizos from a big city in Western Mexico. The main predicting variables for CKD were the Wixarika ethnicity, older age, and hypertension.

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